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Cómo saber si eres un falso autónomo y qué puedes hacer

falso autonomo

Durante los últimos años se ha extendido una práctica bastante común entre los empresarios, con la finalidad de ahorrarse costes a la Seguridad Social: el falso autónomo.

Los desempleados, por miedo a perder una oportunidad y lograr un puesto de trabajo, aceptan darse de alta en el Régimen de Autónomos y trabajar por cuenta ajena, lo cual es ilegal en realidad. Si es esta tu situación, no dudes en consultar la información que encontrarás a continuación.

1. Principales características del trabajador autónomo

Para entender la figura del falso autónomo, conviene saber exactamente, cuáles son las principales características de un trabajador autónomo para que sea considerado como tal.

El trabajador autónomo posee unas características propias que le diferencian del trabajador por cuenta ajena o asalariado:

  • Realiza su trabajo por cuenta propia: él toma las decisiones y cuenta con sus propios medios. Es decir, es independiente.
  • Sus ingresos no tienen carácter fijo, ni tampoco son periódicos como ocurre con el trabajador por cuenta ajena, el cual recibe cada mes su salario, sino que siempre van a depender del trabajo que haya realizado.
  • Corre con todos los riesgos de la actividad que realiza.
  • La relación que mantiene con el cliente no se fija en un contrato de trabajo como ocurre con el trabajador asalariado, y en todo caso, podría establecerse un contrato de carácter mercantil, que nada tiene que ver con el contrato de trabajo del empleado por cuenta ajena.

¿Qué diferencia a un autónomo de un asalariado?

Un trabajador asalariado no es independiente en su trabajo, sino que depende del empresario, el cual dirige las actividades que debe desarrollar y el lugar de trabajo. Además, los medios y herramientas son del empresario, no del trabajador. Podría decirse que trabaja según las normas y órdenes de este.

Otro aspecto importante que diferencia el autónomo del asalariado es que éste último percibe de forma periódica su salario, con carácter fijo, y no corre riesgos ni asume responsabilidades pues los beneficios no son suyos, sino para el empresario.

La relación que mantiene el asalariado con el empresario se rige por un contrato de trabajo, ya sea un contrato temporal, indefinido o en cualquiera de sus modalidades.

2. ¿Qué es un falso autónomo?

Podemos considerar que estamos ante un «falso autónomo» cuando el trabajador desarrolla su actividad como un asalariado, pero está dado de alta como autónomo. Es decir, desarrolla su trabajo con todas las características de un trabajador por cuenta ajena.

Parece un autónomo, y formalmente lo es, pero en la práctica no se cumplen los requisitos de un trabajador por cuenta propia, sino que tiene todos los requisitos de un asalariado.

Así por ejemplo:

  • Debe cumplir unos horarios y seguir las instrucciones de un superior, y por tanto ya no es independiente como debe serlo un autónomo.
  • Utiliza los medios logísticos y herramientas del empresario, que ya no son propios.
  • Percibe de forma periódica una remuneración, que es su salario.

Si te identificas con este supuesto eres un falso autónomo, y esto te perjudica, pues no gozas de los mismos derechos que un trabajador asalariado, pese a que desarrollas tu actividad dentro de la empresa exactamente igual que ellos.

3. Diferencia entre un falso autónomo y el TRADE

Otra figura existente hoy en día y que, a diferencia del falso autónomo, es una figura legal y contemplada en la normativa vigente, es el autónomo económicamente dependiente, más conocido como el TRADE.

¿Qué es el TRADE?

  • En este caso, el trabajador que actúa por cuenta propia, es decir, con todas las características de un autónomo, percibe, al menos, el 75% de sus ingresos de un mismo cliente.
  • Además, para que pueda ser considerado como tal, no puede tener trabajadores a su cargo ni tampoco subcontratar a terceros.
  • El trabajador que se encuentra en esta situación, está en condiciones de pedir al cliente que suscriban un contrato TRADE por escrito, a través de cual, se le reconocen determinados derechos, como puede ser el descanso semanal, 18 días de vacaciones al año y establecer una jornada máxima.
  • Además, el contrato TRADE permite que, en el caso de que finalicen la relación por decisión del cliente, el autónomo económicamente dependiente tenga derecho a ser indemnizado.

La principal diferencia del TRADE con el falso autónomo es la independencia. Es decir, que mientras que el falso autónomo sigue las instrucciones del empresario o de un superior como hace un asalariado, el TRADE toma sus propias decisiones y asume todos los riesgos de un trabajador autónomo.

El TRADE es independiente en la toma de decisiones, mientras que el falso autónomo sigue las instrucciones de un superior, tal como lo hace un asalariado

Un TRADE decide sus horarios y sus retribuciones, organiza su actividad y cuenta con sus propios medios, cosa que no ocurre con el falso autónomo.

Falso autónomo sanción

4. ¿En qué perjudica ser un falso autónomo?

Un falso autónomo se encuentra en una situación de clara desventaja frente al resto de trabajadores:

  • Pese a trabajar bajo las mismas condiciones de un trabajador asalariado, no puede acogerse al Estatuto de los Trabajadores ni a ningún Convenio Colectivo, y por lo tanto no puede disfrutar de los derechos reconocidos en ellos:
    • Vacaciones
    • Permisos retribuidos como el permiso de lactancia
    • Reducciones de jornada
    • Días de asuntos propios
    • Cotización a la Seguridad Social
  • No posee una nómina sino una factura, porque no tiene derecho a salario, ni siquiera al salario mínimo interprofesional
  • Debe realizar las declaraciones del IVA, presentando por ejemplo el modelo 303 de la AEAT
  • Tiene que aplicar las retenciones del IRPF.
  • No tiene derecho a indemnización por despido, ni finiquito
  • En caso de incapacidad temporal cobrará menos, pues habitualmente se cotiza por la base mínima.
  • Lo mismo ocurre en caso de una incapacidad permanente.
  • No tiene derecho a la prestación contributiva, o lo que es lo mismo, al paro. En caso de que haya cotizado por desempleo de forma voluntaria, podría acogerse al denominado paro de los autónomos, conocido como la prestación por cese de actividad.
  • Tampoco tiene derecho al subsidio por desempleo

5. ¿Qué puedes hacer en estos casos?

Si te has sentido identificado con el «falso autónomo» debes saber que es una práctica ilegal y que dispones de medios para denunciarlo y exigir tus derechos.

Es aconsejable acudir primero a un sindicato de trabajadores o a un abogado especialista en Derecho laboral, los cuales pueden orientarte y asesorarte para conseguir regularizar tu situación. Es importante siempre que busques este asesoramiento y recopiles toda la documentación que demuestre la situación en la que te encuentras.

Vías para denunciar

  • Denunciar este hecho de forma anónima a través del Buzón de Lucha contra el Fraude Laboral, un servicio del Ministerio de Empleo o en una Oficina de Inspección de Trabajo.
  • Interponer una demanda en el Juzgado de lo Social para que se te reconozca la condición de trabajador asalariado, es decir, el reconocimiento de una relación laboral.

En el caso de que finalmente se te reconozca la relación laboral que mantienes con la empresa, estarás protegido por los mismos derechos que el resto de trabajadores por cuenta ajena, y además:

  • La empresa tendrá que pagar las cuotas a la Seguridad Social, incluso las que no se pagaron en su momento por ser un «falso autónomo» en los cuatro años anteriores.
  • Podrás solicitar la devolución de las cuotas de autónomo y el IVA soportado en determinados casos.
  • Si te pagaban menos de lo que establece tu convenio colectivo, podrás reclamarlo.
  • Tendrás derecho a la prestación por desempleo.
  • La empresa podrá ser sancionada con multas económicas.

6. La nueva Ley Rider lucha contra el falso autónomo

Lo cierto es que la figura del falso autónomo lleva mucho tiempo en el punto de mira de los poderes públicos, y al fin el Gobierno ha decidido entrar a regular el tema, protegiendo así los derechos de los trabajadores.

De este modo ha surgido la idea de aprobar la Ley Rider, que debe su nombre a que los impulsores de la misma han sido los riders (repartidores) de empresas como Glovo o Deliveroo.

Desde el Ministerio de trabajo se ha iniciado la tramitación de la ley de regulación del trabajo en este tipo de plataformas digitales, que impedirá que las empresas puedan obligar a los trabajadores a prestar sus servicios bajo el falso autónomo.

El 22 de junio terminó el plazo para presentar propuestas a esta nueva normativa, que pretende que las compañías del sector digital tengan que seguir las mismas reglas que los negocios convencionales en lo que a la contratación de trabajadores se refiere.

Aún no sabemos exactamente cuál será el contenido de la ley, pero sí que tendrá que aprobar ciertas medidas como los turnos máximos de trabajo, el salario mínimo y el tiempo mínimo de descanso, entre otros aspectos.

Más información

Estatuto del trabajador autónomo

Entradas relacionadas

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