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Cómo cotizan las horas extras

como-cotizan-las-horas-extras

Te contamos cómo cotizan las horas extras, cómo se retribuyen, quién decide si deben pagarse o compensarse con descanso, y todo lo que debes saber en relación a las horas extraordinarias, ¡a continuación!

1. ¿Qué son las horas extraordinarias?

Se entiende por hora extraordinaria cada hora de trabajo efectiva realizada sobre la duración máxima de la jornada ordinaria de trabajo establecida por la Ley, o pactada en Convenio Colectivo o contrato de trabajo.

2. Cómo cotizan las horas extras

La remuneración de las horas extraordinarias tiene una cotización adicional, que no puede computarse a efectos de determinar la base reguladoras de las prestaciones. Tan solo se computan para la cotización de accidentes de trabajo y enfermedades profesionales, además de la cotización adicional expresada en la Ley de Presupuestos del Estado.

En la Orden de cotización anual se establece una cotización adicional a la Seguridad Social por horas extraordinarias, que no podrá computarse a efectos de determinar la base reguladora de las prestaciones, (se diferencian entre horas extraordinarias estructurales y de fuerza mayor) de:

 

Tipo de horas extraordinarias               Empresa               Trabajador               TOTAL

Fuerza mayor                                                     12,00%                      2,00%                            14,00%

Ordinarias                                                           23,60%                      4,70%                             28,30%

 

La cotización adicional por horas extraordinarias estructurales que sobrepasen el límite máximo de ochenta horas que se establece en el artículo 35.2 del Estatuto de los Trabajadores se efectuará a través de la aplicación del tipo general de cotización establecido para las horas extrordinarias en la Ley de Presupuestos Generales del Estado.

Para que las horas extraordinarias sean estructurales a los efectos de la cotización es necesario que la empresa cumpla previamente una serie trámites, como la comunicación a la Administración, la conformidad del Comité o Delegado de personal, relación de los trabajadores afectados, etc.

3. Cómo se retribuyen las horas extraordinarias

Las horas extraordinarias pueden abonarse económicamente, o bien compensarse con descanso. En este último caso, debe hacerse centro de los cuatro meses a su realización. Esta posibilidad debe contemplarse en el Convenio Colectivo o bien pacto individual.

Las horas extras se pueden compensar con descanso solo si lo permite el Convenio o se recoge en un pacto individual.

En ningún caso su cuantía puede ser menor al valor de las horas ordinarias, ni se podrían compensar por tiempo equivalente de descanso retribuido. si no hubiera pacto, se entenderá que deben ser compensadas mediante descanso, en los cuatro meses siguientes a su realización.

4. ¿Quién decide si se abonan las horas extra o se compensan con descanso?

La normativa vigente deja la regulación de esta opción en manos de los Convenios Colectivos. Pero una sentencia reciente considera que es legal que esta opción corresponda al empresario, ya que la ley no otorga esta opción al trabajador, sino que la remite al Convenio Colectivo. A su vez, este puede otorgarla al empleador de forma legítima, sin que esta alternativa suponga ninguna carga para el trabajador. Este tiene la opción de aceptar o no la realización de horas extra voluntarias, las cuales se le compensan de forma equivalente tanto si se pagan como si se descansan.

5. ¿Se pueden reclamar las horas extra después de firmar el finiquito?

El hecho de haber firmado el finiquito, en acto de conciliación por despido con saldo y finiquito posteriormente impugnado, no es un impedimento para reclamar cantidades en concepto de horas extraordinarias. Así lo considera una sentencia de 2002 del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Castilla La Mancha.

6. ¿Pueden cobrarse las horas extraordinarias en una cantidad al mes?

Otra sentencia, en esta ocasión del Tribunal Supremo, considera válido el pacto en el que se acuerde pagar las horas extra a través de una cantidad global y genérica por mes. Para lo cual, dicho pacto debe acreditarse cumplidamente.

7. ¿Se considera como hora extra la hora de descanso no disfrutada?

También existe una sentencia, del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Galicia, que ha establecido que para considerar como hora extraordinaria el tiempo de descanso no disfrutado por un trabajador, se debe producir una estricta y detallada prueba de su realización, hora a hora y día a día, sin que a estos efectos se pueda otorgar valor probatorio suficiente a los partes de trabajo o a las notas elaboradas por los mismos trabajadores. Se debe hacer también un cómputo anual de la jornada, a fin de comprobar si excede del máximo legal, y poder atribuirle el carácter de extraordinario.

8. ¿Cuentan las horas extra para cobrar el paro?

Las horas extraordinarias tan solo cotizan para las contingencias profesionales, y no para el paro. De modo que no se tienen en cuenta para el cobro de la prestación por desempleo.

Más información

Estatuto de los Trabajadores

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