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¿Me pueden bajar el sueldo?

bajar el sueldo

Actualmente existen algunas causas por las que el empresario puede reducirnos nuestro salario y así lo permite la ley en determinados casos, tal y como veremos a continuación, a diferencia de lo que ocurría hace unos años donde no era posible. Veamos en qué casos te pueden bajar el sueldo y de qué se compone nuestro salario.

1. ¿Es legal que me bajen el sueldo?

Lo cierto es que desde la reforma laboral que se estableció en 2012, en determinados casos, sí pueden bajarnos el sueldo. Antes de esta reforma, para que nos bajaran el sueldo, era necesario que nos recortaran también la jornada laboral, lo que hacía que no fuera estrictamente una bajada de sueldo.

Desde la reforma de 2012, pueden bajarnos el sueldo aunque trabajemos las mismas horas

Aún así, no siempre el empresario podrá reducirnos el salario, sino que deberán tenerse en cuenta las siguientes consideraciones:

  1. Para que la empresa pueda bajar el sueldo a los trabajadores, tiene que demostrar que existen razones económicas, técnicas, etc. con suficientemente justificadas para tener que bajar el sueldo de los trabajadores.
  2. El empresario deberá notificar por escrito, y con 15 días de antelación, la bajada de sueldo al trabajador.
  3. El trabajador dispone de 20 días hábiles, es decir, sin contar los domingos ni los festivos, desde que se le notifica la bajada de sueldo, para recurrirla ante el Juzgado de lo Social que corresponda.
  4. En ninguno de los casos, tal y como hemos apuntado antes, esta reducción del sueldo se fijará por debajo del Salario Mínimo Interprofesional.

2. ¿Qué es el sueldo o salario?

Es el pago que recibe una persona de forma periódica, es decir, cada determinado periodo de tiempo, por realizar un trabajo para otra. No sólo se pagarán los períodos realmente trabajados, sino también los períodos de descanso, como por ejemplo las vacaciones.

Los salarios entre los trabajadores no pueden variar por razón de sexo según la normativa, aunque la realidad nos muestra un panorama bien distinto

Además del salario, existen otras cantidades que el trabajador percibe, como son los pluses o primas que se reciben en determinados casos y que constituyen un añadido a nuestro sueldo.

La realización de trabajos para otra persona a cambio de una remuneración económica es lo que conocemos como el empleo por cuenta ajena. Los trabajos a realizar por el empleado podrán consistir:

  • En la creación de bienes, como por ejemplo realizar un reportaje de fotos.
  • En la prestación de un servicio, como puede ser poner copas en un bar.

3. ¿Cómo se acuerda el salario?

El salario o sueldo se acuerda entre el trabajador y el empresario mediante un contrato de trabajo. Aunque el sueldo se fije de mutuo acuerdo entre las dos partes, nunca podrá estipularse un sueldo por debajo del Salario Mínimo Interprofesional.

4. Cómo se paga el salario

El salario se tiene que pagar con dinero. Aún así, existe la posibilidad de que se pague una parte «en especie», es decir, con cosas que no sean dinero como productos o servicios por ejemplo.

Sin embargo, la parte que se abona en especie nunca podrá suponer más de un 30% del total del salario del trabajador.

5. ¿Es libre el empresario para fijar el salario?

El empresario no tiene total libertad para fijar el salario que tiene que pagar a sus trabajadores, ya que está regulado al detalle por los poderes públicos, para que no se produzcan abusos.

Una de esas limitaciones es la que hemos apuntado antes, y es que el salario en especie no podrá superar el 30% del salario total. Además, existe el Salario Mínimo Interprofesional, del que también hemos hecho mención en apartados anteriores, que deberá respetarse siempre para acordar el sueldo del trabajador.

6. ¿De qué se compone mi sueldo?

El salario está compuesto por varios componentes que son:

Salario Base

El salario base constituye el dinero que se paga al trabajador por cada unidad de tiempo trabajada. Habitualmente se contabiliza por meses o por cada trabajo o servicio realizado.

Complementos salariales

Los complementos salariales serán las cantidades que se abonen al trabajador por determinadas circunstancias como pueden ser:

  • Nocturnidad
  • Peligrosidad
  • Antigüedad del trabajador en la empresa
  • Etc

También serán complementos salariales los incentivos, es decir, lo que se paga a un trabajador por haber obtenido un resultado muy bueno en su trabajo. Hay más posibles complementos salariales, como puede ser la toxicidad, es decir, la realización de trabajos que representan un riesgo para la salud.

Las horas extraordinarias

Serán las horas de trabajo que realizan los trabajadores de forma voluntaria, y fuera de las horas de la jornada laboral normal. Las horas extraordinarias están reguladas legalmente.

Pagas extraordinarias

En España los trabajadores tienen derecho a percibir, al menos, dos pagas extraordinarias anuales. Habitualmente se abonan una en verano y otra en Navidad. Algunas empresas dividen el importe de estas dos pagas entre las doce pagas normales, y se la añaden al salario base de cada mes, que es lo que comunmente conocemos como «pagas prorrateadas».

7. El Salario Mínimo Interprofesional

Es Salario Mínimo Interprofesional, conocido con las siglas SMI, establece la cantidad mínima de salario que puede cobrar un trabajador en España.

Un salario por debajo del salario mínimo interprofesional es ilegal

Cambia cada año y lo fija el Gobierno, una vez ha consultado con los sindicatos y organizaciones de empresarios más importantes del país.

Además, para fijarlo correctamente deberá tener en cuenta ciertas cuestiones como el incremento de los precios (lo que conocemos como IPC), la situación económica en general, etc.

El Salario Mínimo Interprofesional alcanza no sólo a los trabajadores fijos, sino también a los temporales y a los empleados del hogar familiar.

El Salario Mínimo Interprofesional en España en los últimos años ha sido el siguiente:

Año

SMI diario

SMI mensual

2011

21,38 euros al día 641,40 euros al mes
2012 21,38 euros al día

641,40 euros al mes

2013

21,51 euros al día 645,30 euros al mes
2014 21,51 euros al día

645,30 euros al mes

2015

21,62 euros al día 648,60 euros al mes
2021 21,84 euros al día

655,20 euros al mes

Una cosa muy importante que no debemos olvidar nunca es que el importe del Salario Mínimo Interprofesional no se puede embargar.

Para conocer todos los datos acerca del Salario Mínimo Interprofesional pincha en el siguiente enlace:

Salario Mínimo Interprofesional

8. Derechos del trabajador respecto a su sueldo

Existen una serie de derechos que el trabajador tiene con respecto a su sueldo y se pueden resumir del siguiente modo:

  • A que se le pague en la fecha y lugar que se haya acordado.
  • A que se le entregue un recibo.
  • A que no se le pague por períodos de tiempo superiores a un mes.
  • A percibir anticipos por el trabajo ya realizado.
  • A que se le pague un 10% anual de más si se le paga con retraso.

Más Información

Estatuto de los trabajadores

Entradas relacionadas

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