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¿Quién paga el impuesto de donaciones?

quien-paga-el-impuesto-de-donaciones

Si recibes una donación, entre otros casos, tendrás que declarar en Hacienda la cantidad correspondiente. ¿Quieres saber quién paga el impuesto de donaciones? En este artículo tienes la respuesta a esta pregunta, y mucha más información relacionada con este tributo.

1. ¿Qué es el impuesto de donaciones?

Se trata de un impuesto que grava la adquisición de bienes y derechos por donación o cualquier otro negocio jurídico a título gratuito intervivos (entre personas vivas, por lo que se diferencia del impuesto de sucesiones). Además de las donaciones, tienen la consideración de negocios intervivos los siguientes:

  • La condonación de una deuda (es decir, que se perdone la misma), total o parcial, y con ánimo de liberar al deudor.
  • La renuncia de derechos a favor de una determinada persona.
  • Asumir la deuda de otro sin contraprestación, con ánimo liberatorio, salvo que sea una donación con causa onerosa.
  • Desistir o allanarse en juicio o arbitraje a favor de la otra parte, para liberarla.
  • Un contrato de seguro sobre la vida, en el caso de sobrevivencia del asegurado, y el contrato individual de seguro en caso de fallecimiento del asegurado que sea persona distinta del contratante. En uno y otro caso, el beneficiario tiene que ser una persona distinta del contratante.

2. ¿Quién paga el impuesto de donaciones?

Tiene que pagar el impuesto de donaciones el donatario o la persona favorecida por la donación. También tendrá que pagarlo el beneficiario de un seguro de vida, si se trata de una persona diferente al tomador del mismo.

El donatario o la persona favorecida por la donación es quien paga el impuesto, y también el beneficiario de un seguro de vida si no es el propio tomador.

Esta obligación se establece para los contribuyentes cuya residencia habitual esté en España. Los efectos de este impuesto son la tributación por todas las adquisiciones gratuitas que tengan lugar en favor propio, independientemente de dónde estén ubicados los bienes o servicios que den lugar a las mismas.

También están obligados a tributar quienes no tengan residencia habitual en España, siempre que los bienes y derechos estén situados, pueden ejercitarse o deban cumplirse en territorio español. Existe también esta obligación cuando se percibe un contrato de seguro sobre la vida que haya sido realizado en entidades aseguradoras españolas, o cuando dicho contrato se haya formalizado en España.

3. ¿Cuánto se paga en el impuesto de donaciones?

Al igual que ocurre en el caso de las sucesiones, en el impuesto de donaciones tiene una vital importancia el grado de parentesco. De hecho, se aplican las mismas tablas que en este otro impuesto.

En el pago del impuesto influye en gran medida el grado de parentesco de las personas implicadas en la donación.

Pero en el caso de las donaciones, la regulación autonómica varía en gran medida de una a otra comunidad. Casi todas las comunidades han establecido algún tipo de bonificación, siendo las más habituales las que se fijan para donaciones entre familiares de primer grado. Veamos algunos ejemplos:

  • En Madrid, las donaciones (y también las herencias) tienen bonificaciones cuando afectan a padres, hijos, cónyuges y parejas de hecho, eximiendo del pago del 99% de la cuota del Impuesto. Para aplicar la reducción, es necesario firmarla antes ante Notario.
  • En el caso de Andalucía, existe una reducción del 99% cuando el donatario, con independencia del parentesco que le una a quien hace la donación, vinera prestando servicios en la empresa y tuviera encomendadas tareas de gestión o dirección de la misma. Existe otra bonificación del 99% cuando se dona hasta 120.000 euros a un descendiente.

4. ¿Se puede hacer un préstamo en vez de una donación?

Son muchas las personas que se preguntan si existe alguna posibilidad para no pagar impuestos por una donación. Pues bien, más que una forma de evitar el impuesto donaciones, lo que hay es una opción para prestar o dar dinero a una persona. Se trata de hacer un préstamo en lugar de una donación. De esta forma no se pagan impuestos, y no hay por qué cobrar intereses.

A la hora de hacer un préstamo, hay que tener en lugar los siguientes aspectos:

  • Tiene que existir un documento firmado en el que se reflejen las condiciones del préstamo.
  • Se debe informar a Hacienda del préstamo entre particulares, mediante el modelo 600.
  • Han de cumplirse las condiciones del contrato entre particulares.
  • Las devoluciones se deben efectuar según las cuotas marcadas.

De entre los errores que se suelen dar cuando se hace un préstamo en vez de una donación, el más habitual de todos es no devolver el dinero en cuotas. Hay que tener en cuenta que hacienda exige el pago de todos los préstamos de la misma forma, de modo que hay que comenzar a devolver nada más firmar, o al poco tiempo.

Si pasan años hasta que se recupera la inversión inicial, Hacienda considerará que el préstamo es una donación encubierta, para evitar el pago del impuesto de donaciones. Así que hará pagar los impuestos que no se pagaron en su momento, más el recargo y la sanción correspondientes.

Más información

Ley 29/1987, de 18 de diciembre, del Impuesto sobre Sucesiones y Donaciones

 

 

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